GCSE-ALL BIOLOGY 2018-2024 PAST PAPER QUS GENERATOR

Topic: 20 p1 20 p2 full Paper 1 or full Paper 2 # Step 1: Get user input topic = input("Enter the topic (e.g., 'Paper 1', 'Paper 2', '20 p1', '20 p2'): ") question_bank = input("Paste the full question bank (Q1–Q180) here: ") # Step 2: Create the prompt for the AI prompt = f""" You are a GCSE Biology exam generator. Using the following rules, generate questions based on the topic '{topic}' and the provided question bank: # Step 2: Determine generation type if topic == "full paper 1" or topic == "full paper 2": generation_type = "full_paper" elif topic == "20 p1" or topic == "20 p2": generation_type = "20_questions" else: generation_type = "custom" # Step 3: Build the prompt prompt = f""" Generation type: {generation_type} Topic: {topic} You are an exam paper generator for GCSE Biology. You have access to a bank of 180 exam-style questions (Q1–Q180), each with marks and topic tags [B1–B7]. # GCSE Biology Exam Generator Question Bank: {question_bank} (A) If asked for a "full Paper 1" or "full Paper 2": - Generate a complete exam paper worth around 80 marks. - Use only questions with the correct topic tags: - Paper 1 = [B1] Cell biology, [B2] Organisation, [B3] Infection & response, [B4] Bioenergetics - Paper 2 = [B5] Homeostasis & response, [B6] Inheritance/variation/evolution, [B7] Ecology - Include a clear mark total beside each question. - Balance the paper with short (1–2 mark) and long (4–6 mark) questions. - Structure it like a real GCSE exam (numbered in order, with sub-questions). (B) If asked for "20 p1" or "20 p2": - Select 20 questions from the bank. - - Use only questions with the correct topic tags: - Paper 1 = [B1] Cell biology, [B2] Organisation, [B3] Infection & response, [B4] Bioenergetics- only in the category "20 p1" only say these questiones for this - Paper 2 = [B5] Homeostasis & response, [B6] Inheritance/variation/evolution, [B7] Ecology - only in the category "20 p2" only say these questiones for this Include a clear mark total beside each question. - Balance the paper with short (1–2 mark) and long (4–6 mark) questions. - Structure it like a real GCSE exam (numbered in order, with sub-questions). (C) Mark Scheme (Exam Board Style): - After generating either a full paper or 20 questions, provide a separate mark scheme at the end. - Each question must clearly show [x marks] in the question and in the mark scheme. - Use bullet points (•) for each marking point. - Acceptable alternatives must be written as: • answer A OR answer B. - Every marking point must include the assessment objective tag (AO1, AO2, AO3). - The number of bullet points = the number of marks available (e.g., [2 marks] = 2 bullet points). - Wording must follow GCSE exam style (concise, scientific terms, no extra explanation beyond marking points). - Mark scheme must be formatted as in official exam papers, suitable for student use and practice. Use this long text as refrence and make sure to use all of these words if needed below is the gcse biology specification this is what you should refer to for the markscheme Q1.2 (1 mark): Give one reason why large-scale vaccination programmes can control the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.3 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in potato cylinders placed in solutions of different concentrations. What is the independent variable in this investigation? [B1 Cell biology] Q1.4 (3 marks): Describe how the student could make the investigation valid and reliable. [B1 Cell biology] Q1.5 (2 marks): Suggest why the student used pieces of potato of the same size and shape. [B1 Cell biology] Q2.1 (2 marks): Name the process by which oxygen moves from an alveolus into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q2.2 (3 marks): Describe how the structure of an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. [B2 Organisation] Q3.1 (2 marks): A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Name the dependent variable in this investigation. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.2 (3 marks): Explain why the student placed the boiling tube in a water bath at 25 °C before starting the experiment. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.3 (3 marks): Describe how the student could measure the volume of gas produced. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.4 (2 marks): Suggest one way the student could improve the validity of their results. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q4.1 (2 marks): What is the function of bile in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q4.2 (4 marks): Describe how proteins are digested in the human digestive system. [B2 Organisation] Q4.3 (3 marks): Explain how the products of protein digestion are absorbed into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q5.1 (2 marks): A scientist measured the heart rate of athletes before and after exercise. Describe one way the scientist could present these results. [B2 Organisation] Q5.2 (3 marks): Calculate the mean resting heart rate for athletes with the following values: 70, 72, 75, 71, 72 beats per minute. Show your working. [B2 Organisation] Q5.3 (2 marks): Suggest why repeating the measurement of heart rate increases the validity of the data. [B2 Organisation] Q6.1 (1 mark): Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. [B2 Organisation] Q6.2 (2 marks): Explain one way the structure of an artery is related to its function. [B2 Organisation] Q7.1 (3 marks): A student investigated the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Describe how the student could measure the rate of reaction in this experiment. [B2 Organisation] Q7.2 (2 marks): The student repeated the investigation three times at each pH. Explain why. [B2 Organisation] Q7.3 (3 marks): The student found that the rate of reaction increased as pH increased from 4 to 7, but decreased at pH values above 7. Explain why this pattern occurs. [B2 Organisation] Q8.1 (1 mark): Name the type of cell division that produces gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.2 (3 marks): Describe how meiosis produces variation in gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.3 (2 marks): Explain why it is important that gametes contain half the number of chromosomes of body cells. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of ribosomes in cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.1 (2 marks): A student used a microscope to view onion epidermis cells. Describe how the student could prepare the slide. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.2 (2 marks): The student measured the diameter of one onion cell as 0.05 mm. Calculate the magnification if the image length was 50 mm. Show your working. [B1 Cell biology] Q11.1 (2 marks): Suggest why mitochondria are often found in large numbers in muscle cells. [B2 Organisation] Q11.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells need more energy during exercise. [B2 Organisation] Q12.1 (2 marks): A farmer sprays crops with pesticide. Explain how pesticide resistance can develop in a population of insects. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q12.2 (3 marks): Describe how resistant insects pass on this characteristic to their offspring. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q13.1 (2 marks): A new antibiotic was tested on bacteria. Explain why it is important to repeat the test several times. [B3 Infection & response] Q13.2 (3 marks): Explain why antibiotics should not be prescribed for viral infections. [B3 Infection & response] Q14.1 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in chicken eggs without shells. Explain why the mass of the egg increases in pure water. [B1 Cell biology] Q14.2 (2 marks): Explain why the mass of the egg decreases in concentrated salt solution. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.1 (1 mark): Name the part of the cell that contains genetic material. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.2 (3 marks): Describe how DNA is copied during replication. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.2 (3 marks): Explain how a mutation in DNA can affect the protein produced. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q17.1 (2 marks): Name the process plants use to make glucose. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.2 (3 marks): Write the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.3 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.1 (2 marks): A student measured the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed. Suggest one factor the student should keep constant to make the test valid. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.2 (3 marks): The student counted 120 bubbles in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of bubble production per second. Show your working. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.3 (3 marks): Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases when the pondweed is moved further from the light source. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.1 (2 marks): What is respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.3 (3 marks): Describe how lactic acid is removed from the body after anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q20.1 (2 marks): What is the function of haemoglobin in red blood cells? [B2 Organisation] Q20.2 (3 marks): Explain why people living at high altitudes may produce more red blood cells. [B2 Organisation] Q1.1 (2 marks): Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.2 (1 mark): Give one reason why large-scale vaccination programmes can control the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.3 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in potato cylinders placed in solutions of different concentrations. What is the independent variable in this investigation? [B1 Cell biology] Q1.4 (3 marks): Describe how the student could make the investigation valid and reliable. [B1 Cell biology] Q1.5 (2 marks): Suggest why the student used pieces of potato of the same size and shape. [B1 Cell biology] Q2.1 (2 marks): Name the process by which oxygen moves from an alveolus into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q2.2 (3 marks): Describe how the structure of an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. [B2 Organisation] Q3.1 (2 marks): A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Name the dependent variable in this investigation. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.2 (3 marks): Explain why the student placed the boiling tube in a water bath at 25 °C before starting the experiment. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.3 (3 marks): Describe how the student could measure the volume of gas produced. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.4 (2 marks): Suggest one way the student could improve the validity of their results. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q4.1 (2 marks): What is the function of bile in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q4.2 (4 marks): Describe how proteins are digested in the human digestive system. [B2 Organisation] Q4.3 (3 marks): Explain how the products of protein digestion are absorbed into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q5.1 (2 marks): A scientist measured the heart rate of athletes before and after exercise. Describe one way the scientist could present these results. [B2 Organisation] Q5.2 (3 marks): Calculate the mean resting heart rate for athletes with the following values: 70, 72, 75, 71, 72 beats per minute. Show your working. [B2 Organisation] Q5.3 (2 marks): Suggest why repeating the measurement of heart rate increases the validity of the data. [B2 Organisation] Q6.1 (1 mark): Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. [B2 Organisation] Q6.2 (2 marks): Explain one way the structure of an artery is related to its function. [B2 Organisation] Q7.1 (3 marks): A student investigated the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Describe how the student could measure the rate of reaction in this experiment. [B2 Organisation] Q7.2 (2 marks): The student repeated the investigation three times at each pH. Explain why. [B2 Organisation] Q7.3 (3 marks): The student found that the rate of reaction increased as pH increased from 4 to 7, but decreased at pH values above 7. Explain why this pattern occurs. [B2 Organisation] Q8.1 (1 mark): Name the type of cell division that produces gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.2 (3 marks): Describe how meiosis produces variation in gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.3 (2 marks): Explain why it is important that gametes contain half the number of chromosomes of body cells. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of ribosomes in cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.1 (2 marks): A student used a microscope to view onion epidermis cells. Describe how the student could prepare the slide. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.2 (2 marks): The student measured the diameter of one onion cell as 0.05 mm. Calculate the magnification if the image length was 50 mm. Show your working. [B1 Cell biology] Q11.1 (2 marks): Suggest why mitochondria are often found in large numbers in muscle cells. [B2 Organisation] Q11.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells need more energy during exercise. [B2 Organisation] Q12.1 (2 marks): A farmer sprays crops with pesticide. Explain how pesticide resistance can develop in a population of insects. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q12.2 (3 marks): Describe how resistant insects pass on this characteristic to their offspring. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q13.1 (2 marks): A new antibiotic was tested on bacteria. Explain why it is important to repeat the test several times. [B3 Infection & response] Q13.2 (3 marks): Explain why antibiotics should not be prescribed for viral infections. [B3 Infection & response] Q14.1 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in chicken eggs without shells. Explain why the mass of the egg increases in pure water. [B1 Cell biology] Q14.2 (2 marks): Explain why the mass of the egg decreases in concentrated salt solution. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.1 (1 mark): Name the part of the cell that contains genetic material. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.2 (3 marks): Describe how DNA is copied during replication. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.2 (3 marks): Explain how a mutation in DNA can affect the protein produced. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q17.1 (2 marks): Name the process plants use to make glucose. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.2 (3 marks): Write the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.3 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.1 (2 marks): A student measured the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed. Suggest one factor the student should keep constant to make the test valid. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.2 (3 marks): The student counted 120 bubbles in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of bubble production per second. Show your working. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.3 (3 marks): Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases when the pondweed is moved further from the light source. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.1 (2 marks): What is respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.3 (3 marks): Describe how lactic acid is removed from the body after anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q20.1 (2 marks): What is the function of haemoglobin in red blood cells? [B2 Organisation] Q20.2 (3 marks): Explain why people living at high altitudes may produce more red blood cells. [B2 Organisation] Q21.1 (2 marks): State the function of the human nervous system. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q21.2 (3 marks): Explain how reflex actions increase the chances of survival. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q21.3 (2 marks): Describe how impulses are transmitted across a synapse. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q22.1 (2 marks): What is homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q22.2 (3 marks): Explain why blood glucose concentration must be maintained within a narrow range. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q23.1 (2 marks): Which organ produces insulin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q23.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of insulin in controlling blood glucose concentration. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q24.1 (2 marks): Describe one way type 1 diabetes can be treated. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q24.2 (3 marks): Explain how type 2 diabetes differs from type 1 diabetes. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q25.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q25.2 (3 marks): Explain how the kidneys produce urine. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.1 (2 marks): Name the hormone that stimulates ovulation. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.2 (3 marks): Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.3 (2 marks): Explain how hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q27.1 (2 marks): Define biodiversity. [B7 Ecology] Q27.2 (3 marks): Explain why maintaining biodiversity is important. [B7 Ecology] Q28.1 (2 marks): What is meant by interdependence in an ecosystem? [B7 Ecology] Q28.2 (3 marks): Explain how a decrease in the population of one species can affect other species in the same community. [B7 Ecology] Q29.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘adaptation’? [B7 Ecology] Q29.2 (3 marks): Explain how camels are adapted to live in hot, dry environments. [B7 Ecology] Q30.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘extinction’? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q30.2 (3 marks): Give two reasons why a species may become extinct. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q31.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘natural selection’? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q31.2 (3 marks): Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q32.1 (2 marks): What is a fossil? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q32.2 (3 marks): Explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q33.1 (2 marks): What is a genetic variant? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q33.2 (3 marks): Explain how genetic variants can influence phenotype. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q34.1 (2 marks): What is meant by selective breeding? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q34.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of selective breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q35.1 (2 marks): What is meant by genetic engineering? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q35.2 (3 marks): Describe one way genetic engineering is used in medicine. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q36.1 (2 marks): What is a habitat? [B7 Ecology] Q36.2 (3 marks): Describe the difference between an ecosystem and a habitat. [B7 Ecology] Q37.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a producer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q37.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of decomposers in recycling materials. [B7 Ecology] Q38.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a predator–prey cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q38.2 (3 marks): Explain why predator and prey populations often rise and fall in cycles. [B7 Ecology] Q39.1 (2 marks): Name one abiotic factor that could affect the distribution of organisms. [B7 Ecology] Q39.2 (3 marks): Explain how light intensity could affect the distribution of plants. [B7 Ecology] Q40.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the greenhouse effect? [B7 Ecology] Q40.2 (3 marks): Explain how increased levels of carbon dioxide can lead to global warming. [B7 Ecology] Q41.1 (2 marks): What is meant by deforestation? [B7 Ecology] Q41.2 (3 marks): Give two effects of deforestation on the environment. [B7 Ecology] Q42.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sustainable development? [B7 Ecology] Q42.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a sustainable practice in farming or fishing. [B7 Ecology] Q43.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term pathogen? [B3 Infection & response] Q43.2 (3 marks): Explain how pathogens cause disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q44.1 (2 marks): Give one way white blood cells defend the body against pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q44.2 (3 marks): Explain how vaccinations protect against disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q45.1 (2 marks): What is an antibody? [B3 Infection & response] Q45.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibodies help to destroy pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q46.1 (2 marks): What is a double-blind trial? [B3 Infection & response] Q46.2 (3 marks): Explain why double-blind trials are used in medicine. [B3 Infection & response] Q47.1 (2 marks): What is a placebo? [B3 Infection & response] Q47.2 (3 marks): Explain why a placebo might be used in a clinical trial. [B3 Infection & response] Q48.1 (2 marks): What is meant by herd immunity? [B3 Infection & response] Q48.2 (3 marks): Explain how herd immunity reduces the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q49.1 (2 marks): Name one plant defence response against herbivores. [B3 Infection & response] Q49.2 (3 marks): Explain how physical defences in plants protect them against pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q50.1 (2 marks): What is a monoclonal antibody? [B3 Infection & response] Q50.2 (3 marks): Describe one use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine. [B3 Infection & response] Q51.1 (2 marks): What is meant by health? [B2 Organisation] Q51.2 (3 marks): Explain how different types of disease can interact in the body. [B2 Organisation] Q52.1 (2 marks): What is coronary heart disease? [B2 Organisation] Q52.2 (3 marks): Explain how coronary heart disease can be treated using stents or statins. [B2 Organisation] Q53.1 (2 marks): What is cancer? [B2 Organisation] Q53.2 (3 marks): Give one risk factor linked to cancer. [B2 Organisation] Q54.1 (2 marks): What is meant by communicable disease? [B3 Infection & response] Q54.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of communicable diseases. [B3 Infection & response] Q55.1 (2 marks): What is meant by non-communicable disease? [B2 Organisation] Q55.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of non-communicable diseases. [B2 Organisation] Q56.1 (2 marks): Name the structures in the human heart that prevent backflow of blood. [B2 Organisation] Q56.2 (3 marks): Explain why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle. [B2 Organisation] Q57.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘enzyme’? [B2 Organisation] Q57.2 (3 marks): Explain how enzymes act as biological catalysts. [B2 Organisation] Q58.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the lock and key model of enzyme action? [B2 Organisation] Q58.2 (3 marks): Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity. [B2 Organisation] Q59.1 (2 marks): What is meant by denaturation in enzymes? [B2 Organisation] Q59.2 (3 marks): Explain why high temperatures cause enzymes to denature. [B2 Organisation] Q60.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests starch. [B2 Organisation] Q60.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of starch digestion and how they are absorbed. [B2 Organisation] Q61.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests proteins. [B2 Organisation] Q61.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of protein digestion and how they are absorbed. [B2 Organisation] Q62.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests lipids. [B2 Organisation] Q62.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of lipid digestion and their role in the body. [B2 Organisation] Q63.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the small intestine in digestion? [B2 Organisation] Q63.2 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for absorption. [B2 Organisation] Q64.1 (2 marks): What is meant by anaerobic respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q64.2 (3 marks): Compare the products of anaerobic respiration in animals and in plants/yeast. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q65.1 (2 marks): What is oxygen debt? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q65.2 (3 marks): Explain how oxygen debt is removed after vigorous exercise. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q66.1 (2 marks): What is meant by metabolism? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q66.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of metabolic processes in the human body. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q67.1 (2 marks): What is mitosis? [B1 Cell biology] Q67.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of mitosis in growth and repair. [B1 Cell biology] Q68.1 (2 marks): What is the function of stem cells? [B1 Cell biology] Q68.2 (3 marks): Give one potential use of stem cells in medicine. [B1 Cell biology] Q69.1 (2 marks): What is diffusion? [B1 Cell biology] Q69.2 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of the lungs allows efficient diffusion of gases. [B1 Cell biology] Q70.1 (2 marks): What is active transport? [B1 Cell biology] Q70.2 (3 marks): Give one example of active transport in plants. [B1 Cell biology] Q71.1 (2 marks): What is osmosis? [B1 Cell biology] Q71.2 (3 marks): Explain why osmosis is important in plant cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q72.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the nucleus in a cell? [B1 Cell biology] Q72.2 (2 marks): What is the function of the cytoplasm? [B1 Cell biology] Q72.3 (2 marks): What is the function of the cell membrane? [B1 Cell biology] Q73.1 (2 marks): What is the function of chloroplasts? [B1 Cell biology] Q73.2 (2 marks): What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells? [B1 Cell biology] Q74.1 (2 marks): What is the function of mitochondria? [B1 Cell biology] Q74.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells contain many mitochondria. [B1 Cell biology] Q75.1 (2 marks): What is the function of ribosomes? [B1 Cell biology] Q75.2 (3 marks): Explain why ribosomes are important for cell function. [B1 Cell biology] Q76.1 (2 marks): What is the function of xylem vessels in plants? [B2 Organisation] Q76.2 (3 marks): Explain how xylem vessels are adapted for their function. [B2 Organisation] Q77.1 (2 marks): What is the function of phloem vessels in plants? [B2 Organisation] Q77.2 (3 marks): Explain how translocation occurs in plants. [B2 Organisation] Q78.1 (2 marks): What is transpiration? [B2 Organisation] Q78.2 (3 marks): Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration. [B2 Organisation] Q79.1 (2 marks): What is meant by stomata? [B2 Organisation] Q79.2 (3 marks): Explain how guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. [B2 Organisation] Q80.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the liver in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q80.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose. [B2 Organisation] Q81.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the pancreas? [B2 Organisation] Q81.2 (3 marks): Explain how the pancreas helps to control blood glucose. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q82.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the kidneys? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q82.2 (3 marks): Explain how the kidneys maintain water balance. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q83.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the brain? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q83.2 (3 marks): Explain how the brain coordinates responses to stimuli. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q84.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the spinal cord? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q84.2 (3 marks): Explain how the spinal cord is involved in reflex actions. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q85.1 (2 marks): What is the function of sensory neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q85.2 (3 marks): Describe how sensory neurones are adapted to their function. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q86.1 (2 marks): What is the function of motor neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q86.2 (3 marks): Explain how motor neurones carry signals to effectors. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q87.1 (2 marks): What is the function of relay neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q87.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of relay neurones in reflex actions. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q88.1 (2 marks): What is the function of receptors in the skin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q88.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a receptor and the type of stimulus it detects. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q89.1 (2 marks): What is the function of effectors? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q89.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of effectors in the human body. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q90.1 (2 marks): What is the role of adrenaline in the body? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q90.2 (3 marks): Explain how adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q91.1 (2 marks): What is the role of thyroxine in the body? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q91.2 (3 marks): Explain how levels of thyroxine are controlled by negative feedback. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q92.1 (2 marks): What is the role of insulin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q92.2 (3 marks): Explain how insulin helps regulate blood glucose. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q93.1 (2 marks): What is the role of glucagon? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q93.2 (3 marks): Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q94.1 (2 marks): What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q94.2 (3 marks): Describe how oestrogen interacts with other hormones to regulate the cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q95.1 (2 marks): What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q95.2 (3 marks): Explain how progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q96.1 (2 marks): What is the role of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q96.2 (3 marks): Explain how FSH regulates the menstrual cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q97.1 (2 marks): What is the role of LH (luteinising hormone)? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q97.2 (3 marks): Explain how LH triggers ovulation. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q98.1 (2 marks): What is IVF treatment? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q98.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of IVF. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q99.1 (2 marks): What is contraception? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q99.2 (3 marks): Give one hormonal and one non-hormonal method of contraception. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q100.1 (2 marks): What is homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q100.2 (3 marks): Explain why homeostasis is important for cells. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q101.1 (2 marks): What is DNA? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q101.2 (3 marks): Explain how DNA is organised in a cell. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q102.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q102.2 (3 marks): Explain how genes determine characteristics. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q103.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q103.2 (3 marks): Explain how chromosomes are inherited from parents. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q104.1 (2 marks): What is meiosis? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q104.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of meiosis in producing gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q105.1 (2 marks): What is sexual reproduction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q105.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q106.1 (2 marks): What is asexual reproduction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q106.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q107.1 (2 marks): What is a gamete? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q107.2 (3 marks): Explain how gametes combine during fertilisation. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a dominant allele? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.2 (2 marks): What is meant by a recessive allele? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.3 (3 marks): Give an example of a dominant and recessive allele in humans. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.1 (2 marks): What is a genotype? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.2 (2 marks): What is a phenotype? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.3 (3 marks): Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q110.1 (2 marks): What is polydactyly? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q110.2 (3 marks): Explain how polydactyly is inherited. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q111.1 (2 marks): What is cystic fibrosis? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q111.2 (3 marks): Explain how cystic fibrosis is inherited. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q112.1 (2 marks): What is genetic screening? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q112.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of genetic screening. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q113.1 (2 marks): What is variation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q113.2 (3 marks): Explain how variation arises in a population. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q114.1 (2 marks): What is mutation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q114.2 (3 marks): Explain how mutations can affect phenotypes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q115.1 (2 marks): What is natural selection? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q115.2 (3 marks): Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q116.1 (2 marks): What is selective breeding? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q116.2 (3 marks): Give one benefit and one risk of selective breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q117.1 (2 marks): What is genetic engineering? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q117.2 (3 marks): Give one example of genetic engineering in agriculture. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q118.1 (2 marks): What is a fossil? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q118.2 (3 marks): Explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q119.1 (2 marks): What is extinction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q119.2 (3 marks): Give one cause of extinction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q120.1 (2 marks): What is classification? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q120.2 (3 marks): Explain why classification is important in biology. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q121.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a species? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q121.2 (3 marks): Explain why species are defined as they are. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q122.1 (2 marks): What is the three-domain system? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q122.2 (3 marks): Explain how the three-domain system differs from the five-kingdom system. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q123.1 (2 marks): What is a producer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q123.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of producers in ecosystems. [B7 Ecology] Q124.1 (2 marks): What is a consumer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q124.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between primary and secondary consumers. [B7 Ecology] Q125.1 (2 marks): What is a decomposer? [B7 Ecology] Q125.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of decomposers in recycling nutrients. [B7 Ecology] Q126.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a food web? [B7 Ecology] Q126.2 (3 marks): Explain why food webs are more stable than food chains. [B7 Ecology] Q127.1 (2 marks): What is biomass? [B7 Ecology] Q127.2 (3 marks): Explain how biomass is transferred through a food chain. [B7 Ecology] Q128.1 (2 marks): What is the water cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q128.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of evaporation and condensation in the water cycle. [B7 Ecology] Q129.1 (2 marks): What is the carbon cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q129.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of respiration and photosynthesis in the carbon cycle. [B7 Ecology] Q130.1 (2 marks): What is biodiversity? [B7 Ecology] Q130.2 (3 marks): Explain why maintaining biodiversity is important. [B7 Ecology] Q131.1 (2 marks): What is deforestation? [B7 Ecology] Q131.2 (3 marks): Give one effect of deforestation on the environment. [B7 Ecology] Q132.1 (2 marks): What is global warming? [B7 Ecology] Q132.2 (3 marks): Give one possible consequence of global warming. [B7 Ecology] Q133.1 (2 marks): What is pollution? [B7 Ecology] Q133.2 (3 marks): Give one example of land, water, or air pollution. [B7 Ecology] Q134.1 (2 marks): What is conservation? [B7 Ecology] Q134.2 (3 marks): Give one method of conserving biodiversity. [B7 Ecology] Q135.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sustainable development? [B7 Ecology] Q135.2 (3 marks): Give one example of sustainable development in practice. [B7 Ecology] Q136.1 (2 marks): What is eutrophication? [B7 Ecology] Q136.2 (3 marks): Explain how fertiliser use can lead to eutrophication. [B7 Ecology] Q137.1 (2 marks): What is meant by interdependence in ecosystems? [B7 Ecology] Q137.2 (3 marks): Give one example of interdependence in a food web. [B7 Ecology] Q138.1 (2 marks): What is adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q138.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a structural adaptation in animals. [B7 Ecology] Q139.1 (2 marks): What is a behavioural adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q139.2 (2 marks): What is a functional adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q139.3 (3 marks): Give one example of each type of adaptation. [B7 Ecology] Q140.1 (2 marks): What is meant by an extremophile? [B7 Ecology] Q140.2 (3 marks): Give one example of an extremophile and its environment. [B7 Ecology] Q141.1 (2 marks): What is competition in animals? [B7 Ecology] Q141.2 (3 marks): Give two resources animals might compete for. [B7 Ecology] Q142.1 (2 marks): What is competition in plants? [B7 Ecology] Q142.2 (3 marks): Give two resources plants might compete for. [B7 Ecology] Q143.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a stable community? [B7 Ecology] Q143.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a stable community. [B7 Ecology] Q144.1 (2 marks): What is a quadrat used for in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q144.2 (3 marks): Explain how quadrats can be used to estimate population size. [B7 Ecology] Q145.1 (2 marks): What is a transect used for in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q145.2 (3 marks): Explain how a transect can be used to study distribution of organisms. [B7 Ecology] Q146.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sampling in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q146.2 (3 marks): Explain why random sampling is important. [B7 Ecology] Q147.1 (2 marks): What is meant by abiotic factors? [B7 Ecology] Q147.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of abiotic factors. [B7 Ecology] Q148.1 (2 marks): What is meant by biotic factors? [B7 Ecology] Q148.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of biotic factors. [B7 Ecology] Q149.1 (2 marks): What is meant by trophic levels? [B7 Ecology] Q149.2 (3 marks): Give one example of an organism at each of the first three trophic levels. [B7 Ecology] Q150.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a pyramid of biomass? [B7 Ecology] Q150.2 (3 marks): Explain why pyramids of biomass are usually pyramid-shaped. [B7 Ecology] Q151.1 (2 marks): What is the function of decomposers in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q151.2 (3 marks): Explain how decomposers break down organic matter. [B7 Ecology] Q152.1 (2 marks): What is biotechnology? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q152.2 (3 marks): Give one example of biotechnology in food production. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q153.1 (2 marks): What is fermentation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q153.2 (3 marks): Explain how microorganisms are used in fermentation. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q154.1 (2 marks): What is genetic modification (GM)? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q154.2 (3 marks): Give one benefit and one risk of GM crops. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q155.1 (2 marks): What is tissue culture? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q155.2 (3 marks): Give one use of tissue culture in plant breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q156.1 (2 marks): What is cloning? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q156.2 (3 marks): Give one example of cloning in plants or animals. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q157.1 (2 marks): What is an evolutionary tree? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q157.2 (3 marks): Explain what evolutionary trees show about organisms. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q158.1 (2 marks): What is antibiotic resistance? [B3 Infection & response] Q158.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. [B3 Infection & response] Q159.1 (2 marks): What is vaccination? [B3 Infection & response] Q159.2 (3 marks): Explain how vaccination protects individuals. [B3 Infection & response] Q160.1 (2 marks): What is herd immunity? [B3 Infection & response] Q160.2 (3 marks): Explain why herd immunity is important. [B3 Infection & response] Q161.1 (2 marks): What are monoclonal antibodies? [B3 Infection & response] Q161.2 (3 marks): Give one medical use of monoclonal antibodies. [B3 Infection & response] Q162.1 (2 marks): What is a placebo? [B3 Infection & response] Q162.2 (3 marks): Explain why placebos are used in clinical trials. [B3 Infection & response] Q163.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a double-blind trial? [B3 Infection & response] Q163.2 (3 marks): Explain why double-blind trials are important. [B3 Infection & response] Q164.1 (2 marks): What is a pathogen? [B3 Infection & response] Q164.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a bacterial, viral, and fungal disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q165.1 (2 marks): What is malaria caused by? [B3 Infection & response] Q165.2 (3 marks): Explain how malaria is spread. [B3 Infection & response] Q166.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a vector in disease transmission? [B3 Infection & response] Q166.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a disease spread by a vector. [B3 Infection & response] Q167.1 (2 marks): What is the human immune system? [B3 Infection & response] Q167.2 (3 marks): Explain how white blood cells defend the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q168.1 (2 marks): What is phagocytosis? [B3 Infection & response] Q168.2 (3 marks): Explain how phagocytosis protects the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q169.1 (2 marks): What are antibodies? [B3 Infection & response] Q169.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibodies destroy pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q170.1 (2 marks): What are antitoxins? [B3 Infection & response] Q170.2 (3 marks): Explain how antitoxins protect the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q171.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the skin in defence? [B3 Infection & response] Q171.2 (3 marks): Give one other non-specific defence mechanism in the human body. [B3 Infection & response] Q172.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the nose in defence against pathogens? [B3 Infection & response] Q172.2 (3 marks): What is the role of the trachea and bronchi in defence? [B3 Infection & response] Q173.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the stomach in defence against pathogens? [B3 Infection & response] Q173.2 (3 marks): Explain how stomach acid helps to protect the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q174.1 (2 marks): What is a drug? [B3 Infection & response] Q174.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a painkiller and one example of an antibiotic. [B3 Infection & response] Q175.1 (2 marks): What is digitalis used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q175.2 (2 marks): What is aspirin used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q175.3 (2 marks): What is penicillin used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q176.1 (2 marks): What is the purpose of preclinical drug testing? [B3 Infection & response] Q176.2 (3 marks): Explain how drugs are tested for efficacy and toxicity. [B3 Infection & response] Q177.1 (2 marks): What is the purpose of clinical drug testing? [B3 Infection & response] Q177.2 (3 marks): Explain how clinical trials are carried out. [B3 Infection & response] Q178.1 (2 marks): What is meant by placebo effect? [B3 Infection & response] Q178.2 (3 marks): Explain why the placebo effect must be controlled. [B3 Infection & response] Q179.1 (2 marks): What is meant by hybridoma cells? [B3 Infection & response] Q179.2 (3 marks): Explain how hybridoma cells are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. [B3 Infection & response] Q180.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a pandemic? [B3 Infection & response] Q180.2 (3 marks): Explain how pandemics can spread globally. [B3 Infection & response] You are an exam paper generator for GCSE Biology. You have access to a bank of 180 exam-style questions (Q1–Q180), each with marks and topic tags [B1–B7].