GCSE-ALL BIOLOGY 2018-2024 PAST PAPER QUS GENERATOR

Topic: 20 p1 20 p2 full Paper 1 or full Paper 2 # Step 1: Get user input topic = input("Enter the topic (e.g., 'Paper 1', 'Paper 2', '20 p1', '20 p2'): ") question_bank = input("Paste the full question bank (Q1–Q180) here: ") # Step 2: Create the prompt for the AI prompt = f""" You are a GCSE Biology exam generator. Using the following rules, generate questions based on the topic '{topic}' and the provided question bank: # Step 2: Determine generation type if topic == "full paper 1" or topic == "full paper 2": generation_type = "full_paper" elif topic == "20 p1" or topic == "20 p2": generation_type = "20_questions" else: generation_type = "custom" # Step 3: Build the prompt prompt = f""" Generation type: {generation_type} Topic: {topic} You are an exam paper generator for GCSE Biology. You have access to a bank of 180 exam-style questions (Q1–Q180), each with marks and topic tags [B1–B7]. # GCSE Biology Exam Generator Question Bank: {question_bank} (A) If asked for a "full Paper 1" or "full Paper 2": - Generate a complete exam paper worth around 80 marks. - Use only questions with the correct topic tags: - Paper 1 = [B1] Cell biology, [B2] Organisation, [B3] Infection & response, [B4] Bioenergetics - Paper 2 = [B5] Homeostasis & response, [B6] Inheritance/variation/evolution, [B7] Ecology - Include a clear mark total beside each question. - Balance the paper with short (1–2 mark) and long (4–6 mark) questions. - Structure it like a real GCSE exam (numbered in order, with sub-questions). (B) If asked for "20 p1" or "20 p2": - Select 20 questions from the bank. - - Use only questions with the correct topic tags: - Paper 1 = [B1] Cell biology, [B2] Organisation, [B3] Infection & response, [B4] Bioenergetics- only in the category "20 p1" only say these questiones for this - Paper 2 = [B5] Homeostasis & response, [B6] Inheritance/variation/evolution, [B7] Ecology - only in the category "20 p2" only say these questiones for this Include a clear mark total beside each question. - Balance the paper with short (1–2 mark) and long (4–6 mark) questions. - Structure it like a real GCSE exam (numbered in order, with sub-questions). (C) Mark Scheme (Exam Board Style): - After generating either a full paper or 20 questions, provide a separate mark scheme at the end. - Each question must clearly show [x marks] in the question and in the mark scheme. - Use bullet points (•) for each marking point. - Acceptable alternatives must be written as: • answer A OR answer B. - Every marking point must include the assessment objective tag (AO1, AO2, AO3). - The number of bullet points = the number of marks available (e.g., [2 marks] = 2 bullet points). - Wording must follow GCSE exam style (concise, scientific terms, no extra explanation beyond marking points). - Mark scheme must be formatted as in official exam papers, suitable for student use and practice. Output must be clear, exam-style, and fully formatted for student use. Q1.2 (1 mark): Give one reason why large-scale vaccination programmes can control the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.3 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in potato cylinders placed in solutions of different concentrations. What is the independent variable in this investigation? [B1 Cell biology] Q1.4 (3 marks): Describe how the student could make the investigation valid and reliable. [B1 Cell biology] Q1.5 (2 marks): Suggest why the student used pieces of potato of the same size and shape. [B1 Cell biology] Q2.1 (2 marks): Name the process by which oxygen moves from an alveolus into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q2.2 (3 marks): Describe how the structure of an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. [B2 Organisation] Q3.1 (2 marks): A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Name the dependent variable in this investigation. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.2 (3 marks): Explain why the student placed the boiling tube in a water bath at 25 °C before starting the experiment. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.3 (3 marks): Describe how the student could measure the volume of gas produced. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.4 (2 marks): Suggest one way the student could improve the validity of their results. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q4.1 (2 marks): What is the function of bile in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q4.2 (4 marks): Describe how proteins are digested in the human digestive system. [B2 Organisation] Q4.3 (3 marks): Explain how the products of protein digestion are absorbed into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q5.1 (2 marks): A scientist measured the heart rate of athletes before and after exercise. Describe one way the scientist could present these results. [B2 Organisation] Q5.2 (3 marks): Calculate the mean resting heart rate for athletes with the following values: 70, 72, 75, 71, 72 beats per minute. Show your working. [B2 Organisation] Q5.3 (2 marks): Suggest why repeating the measurement of heart rate increases the validity of the data. [B2 Organisation] Q6.1 (1 mark): Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. [B2 Organisation] Q6.2 (2 marks): Explain one way the structure of an artery is related to its function. [B2 Organisation] Q7.1 (3 marks): A student investigated the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Describe how the student could measure the rate of reaction in this experiment. [B2 Organisation] Q7.2 (2 marks): The student repeated the investigation three times at each pH. Explain why. [B2 Organisation] Q7.3 (3 marks): The student found that the rate of reaction increased as pH increased from 4 to 7, but decreased at pH values above 7. Explain why this pattern occurs. [B2 Organisation] Q8.1 (1 mark): Name the type of cell division that produces gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.2 (3 marks): Describe how meiosis produces variation in gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.3 (2 marks): Explain why it is important that gametes contain half the number of chromosomes of body cells. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of ribosomes in cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.1 (2 marks): A student used a microscope to view onion epidermis cells. Describe how the student could prepare the slide. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.2 (2 marks): The student measured the diameter of one onion cell as 0.05 mm. Calculate the magnification if the image length was 50 mm. Show your working. [B1 Cell biology] Q11.1 (2 marks): Suggest why mitochondria are often found in large numbers in muscle cells. [B2 Organisation] Q11.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells need more energy during exercise. [B2 Organisation] Q12.1 (2 marks): A farmer sprays crops with pesticide. Explain how pesticide resistance can develop in a population of insects. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q12.2 (3 marks): Describe how resistant insects pass on this characteristic to their offspring. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q13.1 (2 marks): A new antibiotic was tested on bacteria. Explain why it is important to repeat the test several times. [B3 Infection & response] Q13.2 (3 marks): Explain why antibiotics should not be prescribed for viral infections. [B3 Infection & response] Q14.1 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in chicken eggs without shells. Explain why the mass of the egg increases in pure water. [B1 Cell biology] Q14.2 (2 marks): Explain why the mass of the egg decreases in concentrated salt solution. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.1 (1 mark): Name the part of the cell that contains genetic material. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.2 (3 marks): Describe how DNA is copied during replication. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.2 (3 marks): Explain how a mutation in DNA can affect the protein produced. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q17.1 (2 marks): Name the process plants use to make glucose. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.2 (3 marks): Write the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.3 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.1 (2 marks): A student measured the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed. Suggest one factor the student should keep constant to make the test valid. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.2 (3 marks): The student counted 120 bubbles in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of bubble production per second. Show your working. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.3 (3 marks): Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases when the pondweed is moved further from the light source. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.1 (2 marks): What is respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.3 (3 marks): Describe how lactic acid is removed from the body after anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q20.1 (2 marks): What is the function of haemoglobin in red blood cells? [B2 Organisation] Q20.2 (3 marks): Explain why people living at high altitudes may produce more red blood cells. [B2 Organisation] Q1.1 (2 marks): Eating food containing Salmonella bacteria can cause illness. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.2 (1 mark): Give one reason why large-scale vaccination programmes can control the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q1.3 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in potato cylinders placed in solutions of different concentrations. What is the independent variable in this investigation? [B1 Cell biology] Q1.4 (3 marks): Describe how the student could make the investigation valid and reliable. [B1 Cell biology] Q1.5 (2 marks): Suggest why the student used pieces of potato of the same size and shape. [B1 Cell biology] Q2.1 (2 marks): Name the process by which oxygen moves from an alveolus into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q2.2 (3 marks): Describe how the structure of an alveolus is adapted for efficient gas exchange. [B2 Organisation] Q3.1 (2 marks): A student investigated the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis. Name the dependent variable in this investigation. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.2 (3 marks): Explain why the student placed the boiling tube in a water bath at 25 °C before starting the experiment. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.3 (3 marks): Describe how the student could measure the volume of gas produced. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q3.4 (2 marks): Suggest one way the student could improve the validity of their results. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q4.1 (2 marks): What is the function of bile in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q4.2 (4 marks): Describe how proteins are digested in the human digestive system. [B2 Organisation] Q4.3 (3 marks): Explain how the products of protein digestion are absorbed into the blood. [B2 Organisation] Q5.1 (2 marks): A scientist measured the heart rate of athletes before and after exercise. Describe one way the scientist could present these results. [B2 Organisation] Q5.2 (3 marks): Calculate the mean resting heart rate for athletes with the following values: 70, 72, 75, 71, 72 beats per minute. Show your working. [B2 Organisation] Q5.3 (2 marks): Suggest why repeating the measurement of heart rate increases the validity of the data. [B2 Organisation] Q6.1 (1 mark): Name the type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart. [B2 Organisation] Q6.2 (2 marks): Explain one way the structure of an artery is related to its function. [B2 Organisation] Q7.1 (3 marks): A student investigated the effect of pH on enzyme activity. Describe how the student could measure the rate of reaction in this experiment. [B2 Organisation] Q7.2 (2 marks): The student repeated the investigation three times at each pH. Explain why. [B2 Organisation] Q7.3 (3 marks): The student found that the rate of reaction increased as pH increased from 4 to 7, but decreased at pH values above 7. Explain why this pattern occurs. [B2 Organisation] Q8.1 (1 mark): Name the type of cell division that produces gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.2 (3 marks): Describe how meiosis produces variation in gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q8.3 (2 marks): Explain why it is important that gametes contain half the number of chromosomes of body cells. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q9.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of ribosomes in cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.1 (2 marks): A student used a microscope to view onion epidermis cells. Describe how the student could prepare the slide. [B1 Cell biology] Q10.2 (2 marks): The student measured the diameter of one onion cell as 0.05 mm. Calculate the magnification if the image length was 50 mm. Show your working. [B1 Cell biology] Q11.1 (2 marks): Suggest why mitochondria are often found in large numbers in muscle cells. [B2 Organisation] Q11.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells need more energy during exercise. [B2 Organisation] Q12.1 (2 marks): A farmer sprays crops with pesticide. Explain how pesticide resistance can develop in a population of insects. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q12.2 (3 marks): Describe how resistant insects pass on this characteristic to their offspring. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q13.1 (2 marks): A new antibiotic was tested on bacteria. Explain why it is important to repeat the test several times. [B3 Infection & response] Q13.2 (3 marks): Explain why antibiotics should not be prescribed for viral infections. [B3 Infection & response] Q14.1 (2 marks): A student investigated osmosis in chicken eggs without shells. Explain why the mass of the egg increases in pure water. [B1 Cell biology] Q14.2 (2 marks): Explain why the mass of the egg decreases in concentrated salt solution. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.1 (1 mark): Name the part of the cell that contains genetic material. [B1 Cell biology] Q15.2 (3 marks): Describe how DNA is copied during replication. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q16.2 (3 marks): Explain how a mutation in DNA can affect the protein produced. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q17.1 (2 marks): Name the process plants use to make glucose. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.2 (3 marks): Write the balanced symbol equation for photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q17.3 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of a leaf is adapted for efficient photosynthesis. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.1 (2 marks): A student measured the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed. Suggest one factor the student should keep constant to make the test valid. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.2 (3 marks): The student counted 120 bubbles in 2 minutes. Calculate the rate of bubble production per second. Show your working. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q18.3 (3 marks): Explain why the rate of photosynthesis decreases when the pondweed is moved further from the light source. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.1 (2 marks): What is respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q19.3 (3 marks): Describe how lactic acid is removed from the body after anaerobic respiration. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q20.1 (2 marks): What is the function of haemoglobin in red blood cells? [B2 Organisation] Q20.2 (3 marks): Explain why people living at high altitudes may produce more red blood cells. [B2 Organisation] Q21.1 (2 marks): State the function of the human nervous system. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q21.2 (3 marks): Explain how reflex actions increase the chances of survival. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q21.3 (2 marks): Describe how impulses are transmitted across a synapse. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q22.1 (2 marks): What is homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q22.2 (3 marks): Explain why blood glucose concentration must be maintained within a narrow range. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q23.1 (2 marks): Which organ produces insulin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q23.2 (3 marks): Describe the role of insulin in controlling blood glucose concentration. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q24.1 (2 marks): Describe one way type 1 diabetes can be treated. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q24.2 (3 marks): Explain how type 2 diabetes differs from type 1 diabetes. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q25.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the kidneys in homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q25.2 (3 marks): Explain how the kidneys produce urine. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.1 (2 marks): Name the hormone that stimulates ovulation. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.2 (3 marks): Describe the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q26.3 (2 marks): Explain how hormonal contraceptives prevent pregnancy. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q27.1 (2 marks): Define biodiversity. [B7 Ecology] Q27.2 (3 marks): Explain why maintaining biodiversity is important. [B7 Ecology] Q28.1 (2 marks): What is meant by interdependence in an ecosystem? [B7 Ecology] Q28.2 (3 marks): Explain how a decrease in the population of one species can affect other species in the same community. [B7 Ecology] Q29.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘adaptation’? [B7 Ecology] Q29.2 (3 marks): Explain how camels are adapted to live in hot, dry environments. [B7 Ecology] Q30.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘extinction’? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q30.2 (3 marks): Give two reasons why a species may become extinct. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q31.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘natural selection’? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q31.2 (3 marks): Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q32.1 (2 marks): What is a fossil? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q32.2 (3 marks): Explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q33.1 (2 marks): What is a genetic variant? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q33.2 (3 marks): Explain how genetic variants can influence phenotype. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q34.1 (2 marks): What is meant by selective breeding? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q34.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of selective breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q35.1 (2 marks): What is meant by genetic engineering? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q35.2 (3 marks): Describe one way genetic engineering is used in medicine. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q36.1 (2 marks): What is a habitat? [B7 Ecology] Q36.2 (3 marks): Describe the difference between an ecosystem and a habitat. [B7 Ecology] Q37.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a producer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q37.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of decomposers in recycling materials. [B7 Ecology] Q38.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a predator–prey cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q38.2 (3 marks): Explain why predator and prey populations often rise and fall in cycles. [B7 Ecology] Q39.1 (2 marks): Name one abiotic factor that could affect the distribution of organisms. [B7 Ecology] Q39.2 (3 marks): Explain how light intensity could affect the distribution of plants. [B7 Ecology] Q40.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the greenhouse effect? [B7 Ecology] Q40.2 (3 marks): Explain how increased levels of carbon dioxide can lead to global warming. [B7 Ecology] Q41.1 (2 marks): What is meant by deforestation? [B7 Ecology] Q41.2 (3 marks): Give two effects of deforestation on the environment. [B7 Ecology] Q42.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sustainable development? [B7 Ecology] Q42.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a sustainable practice in farming or fishing. [B7 Ecology] Q43.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term pathogen? [B3 Infection & response] Q43.2 (3 marks): Explain how pathogens cause disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q44.1 (2 marks): Give one way white blood cells defend the body against pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q44.2 (3 marks): Explain how vaccinations protect against disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q45.1 (2 marks): What is an antibody? [B3 Infection & response] Q45.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibodies help to destroy pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q46.1 (2 marks): What is a double-blind trial? [B3 Infection & response] Q46.2 (3 marks): Explain why double-blind trials are used in medicine. [B3 Infection & response] Q47.1 (2 marks): What is a placebo? [B3 Infection & response] Q47.2 (3 marks): Explain why a placebo might be used in a clinical trial. [B3 Infection & response] Q48.1 (2 marks): What is meant by herd immunity? [B3 Infection & response] Q48.2 (3 marks): Explain how herd immunity reduces the spread of disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q49.1 (2 marks): Name one plant defence response against herbivores. [B3 Infection & response] Q49.2 (3 marks): Explain how physical defences in plants protect them against pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q50.1 (2 marks): What is a monoclonal antibody? [B3 Infection & response] Q50.2 (3 marks): Describe one use of monoclonal antibodies in medicine. [B3 Infection & response] Q51.1 (2 marks): What is meant by health? [B2 Organisation] Q51.2 (3 marks): Explain how different types of disease can interact in the body. [B2 Organisation] Q52.1 (2 marks): What is coronary heart disease? [B2 Organisation] Q52.2 (3 marks): Explain how coronary heart disease can be treated using stents or statins. [B2 Organisation] Q53.1 (2 marks): What is cancer? [B2 Organisation] Q53.2 (3 marks): Give one risk factor linked to cancer. [B2 Organisation] Q54.1 (2 marks): What is meant by communicable disease? [B3 Infection & response] Q54.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of communicable diseases. [B3 Infection & response] Q55.1 (2 marks): What is meant by non-communicable disease? [B2 Organisation] Q55.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of non-communicable diseases. [B2 Organisation] Q56.1 (2 marks): Name the structures in the human heart that prevent backflow of blood. [B2 Organisation] Q56.2 (3 marks): Explain why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle. [B2 Organisation] Q57.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the term ‘enzyme’? [B2 Organisation] Q57.2 (3 marks): Explain how enzymes act as biological catalysts. [B2 Organisation] Q58.1 (2 marks): What is meant by the lock and key model of enzyme action? [B2 Organisation] Q58.2 (3 marks): Explain how temperature affects enzyme activity. [B2 Organisation] Q59.1 (2 marks): What is meant by denaturation in enzymes? [B2 Organisation] Q59.2 (3 marks): Explain why high temperatures cause enzymes to denature. [B2 Organisation] Q60.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests starch. [B2 Organisation] Q60.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of starch digestion and how they are absorbed. [B2 Organisation] Q61.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests proteins. [B2 Organisation] Q61.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of protein digestion and how they are absorbed. [B2 Organisation] Q62.1 (2 marks): Name the enzyme that digests lipids. [B2 Organisation] Q62.2 (3 marks): Describe the products of lipid digestion and their role in the body. [B2 Organisation] Q63.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the small intestine in digestion? [B2 Organisation] Q63.2 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for absorption. [B2 Organisation] Q64.1 (2 marks): What is meant by anaerobic respiration? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q64.2 (3 marks): Compare the products of anaerobic respiration in animals and in plants/yeast. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q65.1 (2 marks): What is oxygen debt? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q65.2 (3 marks): Explain how oxygen debt is removed after vigorous exercise. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q66.1 (2 marks): What is meant by metabolism? [B4 Bioenergetics] Q66.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of metabolic processes in the human body. [B4 Bioenergetics] Q67.1 (2 marks): What is mitosis? [B1 Cell biology] Q67.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of mitosis in growth and repair. [B1 Cell biology] Q68.1 (2 marks): What is the function of stem cells? [B1 Cell biology] Q68.2 (3 marks): Give one potential use of stem cells in medicine. [B1 Cell biology] Q69.1 (2 marks): What is diffusion? [B1 Cell biology] Q69.2 (3 marks): Explain how the structure of the lungs allows efficient diffusion of gases. [B1 Cell biology] Q70.1 (2 marks): What is active transport? [B1 Cell biology] Q70.2 (3 marks): Give one example of active transport in plants. [B1 Cell biology] Q71.1 (2 marks): What is osmosis? [B1 Cell biology] Q71.2 (3 marks): Explain why osmosis is important in plant cells. [B1 Cell biology] Q72.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the nucleus in a cell? [B1 Cell biology] Q72.2 (2 marks): What is the function of the cytoplasm? [B1 Cell biology] Q72.3 (2 marks): What is the function of the cell membrane? [B1 Cell biology] Q73.1 (2 marks): What is the function of chloroplasts? [B1 Cell biology] Q73.2 (2 marks): What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells? [B1 Cell biology] Q74.1 (2 marks): What is the function of mitochondria? [B1 Cell biology] Q74.2 (3 marks): Explain why muscle cells contain many mitochondria. [B1 Cell biology] Q75.1 (2 marks): What is the function of ribosomes? [B1 Cell biology] Q75.2 (3 marks): Explain why ribosomes are important for cell function. [B1 Cell biology] Q76.1 (2 marks): What is the function of xylem vessels in plants? [B2 Organisation] Q76.2 (3 marks): Explain how xylem vessels are adapted for their function. [B2 Organisation] Q77.1 (2 marks): What is the function of phloem vessels in plants? [B2 Organisation] Q77.2 (3 marks): Explain how translocation occurs in plants. [B2 Organisation] Q78.1 (2 marks): What is transpiration? [B2 Organisation] Q78.2 (3 marks): Explain how environmental factors affect the rate of transpiration. [B2 Organisation] Q79.1 (2 marks): What is meant by stomata? [B2 Organisation] Q79.2 (3 marks): Explain how guard cells control the opening and closing of stomata. [B2 Organisation] Q80.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the liver in the digestive system? [B2 Organisation] Q80.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose. [B2 Organisation] Q81.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the pancreas? [B2 Organisation] Q81.2 (3 marks): Explain how the pancreas helps to control blood glucose. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q82.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the kidneys? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q82.2 (3 marks): Explain how the kidneys maintain water balance. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q83.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the brain? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q83.2 (3 marks): Explain how the brain coordinates responses to stimuli. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q84.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the spinal cord? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q84.2 (3 marks): Explain how the spinal cord is involved in reflex actions. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q85.1 (2 marks): What is the function of sensory neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q85.2 (3 marks): Describe how sensory neurones are adapted to their function. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q86.1 (2 marks): What is the function of motor neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q86.2 (3 marks): Explain how motor neurones carry signals to effectors. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q87.1 (2 marks): What is the function of relay neurones? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q87.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of relay neurones in reflex actions. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q88.1 (2 marks): What is the function of receptors in the skin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q88.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a receptor and the type of stimulus it detects. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q89.1 (2 marks): What is the function of effectors? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q89.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of effectors in the human body. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q90.1 (2 marks): What is the role of adrenaline in the body? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q90.2 (3 marks): Explain how adrenaline prepares the body for ‘fight or flight’. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q91.1 (2 marks): What is the role of thyroxine in the body? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q91.2 (3 marks): Explain how levels of thyroxine are controlled by negative feedback. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q92.1 (2 marks): What is the role of insulin? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q92.2 (3 marks): Explain how insulin helps regulate blood glucose. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q93.1 (2 marks): What is the role of glucagon? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q93.2 (3 marks): Explain how glucagon interacts with insulin. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q94.1 (2 marks): What is the role of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q94.2 (3 marks): Describe how oestrogen interacts with other hormones to regulate the cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q95.1 (2 marks): What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q95.2 (3 marks): Explain how progesterone prepares the uterus for pregnancy. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q96.1 (2 marks): What is the role of FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q96.2 (3 marks): Explain how FSH regulates the menstrual cycle. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q97.1 (2 marks): What is the role of LH (luteinising hormone)? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q97.2 (3 marks): Explain how LH triggers ovulation. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q98.1 (2 marks): What is IVF treatment? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q98.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of IVF. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q99.1 (2 marks): What is contraception? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q99.2 (3 marks): Give one hormonal and one non-hormonal method of contraception. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q100.1 (2 marks): What is homeostasis? [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q100.2 (3 marks): Explain why homeostasis is important for cells. [B5 Homeostasis & response] Q101.1 (2 marks): What is DNA? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q101.2 (3 marks): Explain how DNA is organised in a cell. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q102.1 (2 marks): What is a gene? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q102.2 (3 marks): Explain how genes determine characteristics. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q103.1 (2 marks): What is a chromosome? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q103.2 (3 marks): Explain how chromosomes are inherited from parents. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q104.1 (2 marks): What is meiosis? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q104.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of meiosis in producing gametes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q105.1 (2 marks): What is sexual reproduction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q105.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q106.1 (2 marks): What is asexual reproduction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q106.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q107.1 (2 marks): What is a gamete? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q107.2 (3 marks): Explain how gametes combine during fertilisation. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a dominant allele? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.2 (2 marks): What is meant by a recessive allele? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q108.3 (3 marks): Give an example of a dominant and recessive allele in humans. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.1 (2 marks): What is a genotype? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.2 (2 marks): What is a phenotype? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q109.3 (3 marks): Explain the relationship between genotype and phenotype. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q110.1 (2 marks): What is polydactyly? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q110.2 (3 marks): Explain how polydactyly is inherited. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q111.1 (2 marks): What is cystic fibrosis? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q111.2 (3 marks): Explain how cystic fibrosis is inherited. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q112.1 (2 marks): What is genetic screening? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q112.2 (3 marks): Give one advantage and one disadvantage of genetic screening. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q113.1 (2 marks): What is variation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q113.2 (3 marks): Explain how variation arises in a population. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q114.1 (2 marks): What is mutation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q114.2 (3 marks): Explain how mutations can affect phenotypes. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q115.1 (2 marks): What is natural selection? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q115.2 (3 marks): Explain how natural selection leads to evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q116.1 (2 marks): What is selective breeding? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q116.2 (3 marks): Give one benefit and one risk of selective breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q117.1 (2 marks): What is genetic engineering? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q117.2 (3 marks): Give one example of genetic engineering in agriculture. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q118.1 (2 marks): What is a fossil? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q118.2 (3 marks): Explain how fossils provide evidence for evolution. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q119.1 (2 marks): What is extinction? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q119.2 (3 marks): Give one cause of extinction. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q120.1 (2 marks): What is classification? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q120.2 (3 marks): Explain why classification is important in biology. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q121.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a species? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q121.2 (3 marks): Explain why species are defined as they are. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q122.1 (2 marks): What is the three-domain system? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q122.2 (3 marks): Explain how the three-domain system differs from the five-kingdom system. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q123.1 (2 marks): What is a producer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q123.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of producers in ecosystems. [B7 Ecology] Q124.1 (2 marks): What is a consumer in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q124.2 (3 marks): Explain the difference between primary and secondary consumers. [B7 Ecology] Q125.1 (2 marks): What is a decomposer? [B7 Ecology] Q125.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of decomposers in recycling nutrients. [B7 Ecology] Q126.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a food web? [B7 Ecology] Q126.2 (3 marks): Explain why food webs are more stable than food chains. [B7 Ecology] Q127.1 (2 marks): What is biomass? [B7 Ecology] Q127.2 (3 marks): Explain how biomass is transferred through a food chain. [B7 Ecology] Q128.1 (2 marks): What is the water cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q128.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of evaporation and condensation in the water cycle. [B7 Ecology] Q129.1 (2 marks): What is the carbon cycle? [B7 Ecology] Q129.2 (3 marks): Explain the role of respiration and photosynthesis in the carbon cycle. [B7 Ecology] Q130.1 (2 marks): What is biodiversity? [B7 Ecology] Q130.2 (3 marks): Explain why maintaining biodiversity is important. [B7 Ecology] Q131.1 (2 marks): What is deforestation? [B7 Ecology] Q131.2 (3 marks): Give one effect of deforestation on the environment. [B7 Ecology] Q132.1 (2 marks): What is global warming? [B7 Ecology] Q132.2 (3 marks): Give one possible consequence of global warming. [B7 Ecology] Q133.1 (2 marks): What is pollution? [B7 Ecology] Q133.2 (3 marks): Give one example of land, water, or air pollution. [B7 Ecology] Q134.1 (2 marks): What is conservation? [B7 Ecology] Q134.2 (3 marks): Give one method of conserving biodiversity. [B7 Ecology] Q135.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sustainable development? [B7 Ecology] Q135.2 (3 marks): Give one example of sustainable development in practice. [B7 Ecology] Q136.1 (2 marks): What is eutrophication? [B7 Ecology] Q136.2 (3 marks): Explain how fertiliser use can lead to eutrophication. [B7 Ecology] Q137.1 (2 marks): What is meant by interdependence in ecosystems? [B7 Ecology] Q137.2 (3 marks): Give one example of interdependence in a food web. [B7 Ecology] Q138.1 (2 marks): What is adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q138.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a structural adaptation in animals. [B7 Ecology] Q139.1 (2 marks): What is a behavioural adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q139.2 (2 marks): What is a functional adaptation? [B7 Ecology] Q139.3 (3 marks): Give one example of each type of adaptation. [B7 Ecology] Q140.1 (2 marks): What is meant by an extremophile? [B7 Ecology] Q140.2 (3 marks): Give one example of an extremophile and its environment. [B7 Ecology] Q141.1 (2 marks): What is competition in animals? [B7 Ecology] Q141.2 (3 marks): Give two resources animals might compete for. [B7 Ecology] Q142.1 (2 marks): What is competition in plants? [B7 Ecology] Q142.2 (3 marks): Give two resources plants might compete for. [B7 Ecology] Q143.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a stable community? [B7 Ecology] Q143.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a stable community. [B7 Ecology] Q144.1 (2 marks): What is a quadrat used for in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q144.2 (3 marks): Explain how quadrats can be used to estimate population size. [B7 Ecology] Q145.1 (2 marks): What is a transect used for in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q145.2 (3 marks): Explain how a transect can be used to study distribution of organisms. [B7 Ecology] Q146.1 (2 marks): What is meant by sampling in ecology? [B7 Ecology] Q146.2 (3 marks): Explain why random sampling is important. [B7 Ecology] Q147.1 (2 marks): What is meant by abiotic factors? [B7 Ecology] Q147.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of abiotic factors. [B7 Ecology] Q148.1 (2 marks): What is meant by biotic factors? [B7 Ecology] Q148.2 (3 marks): Give two examples of biotic factors. [B7 Ecology] Q149.1 (2 marks): What is meant by trophic levels? [B7 Ecology] Q149.2 (3 marks): Give one example of an organism at each of the first three trophic levels. [B7 Ecology] Q150.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a pyramid of biomass? [B7 Ecology] Q150.2 (3 marks): Explain why pyramids of biomass are usually pyramid-shaped. [B7 Ecology] Q151.1 (2 marks): What is the function of decomposers in a food chain? [B7 Ecology] Q151.2 (3 marks): Explain how decomposers break down organic matter. [B7 Ecology] Q152.1 (2 marks): What is biotechnology? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q152.2 (3 marks): Give one example of biotechnology in food production. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q153.1 (2 marks): What is fermentation? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q153.2 (3 marks): Explain how microorganisms are used in fermentation. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q154.1 (2 marks): What is genetic modification (GM)? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q154.2 (3 marks): Give one benefit and one risk of GM crops. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q155.1 (2 marks): What is tissue culture? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q155.2 (3 marks): Give one use of tissue culture in plant breeding. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q156.1 (2 marks): What is cloning? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q156.2 (3 marks): Give one example of cloning in plants or animals. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q157.1 (2 marks): What is an evolutionary tree? [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q157.2 (3 marks): Explain what evolutionary trees show about organisms. [B6 Inheritance, variation & evolution] Q158.1 (2 marks): What is antibiotic resistance? [B3 Infection & response] Q158.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria. [B3 Infection & response] Q159.1 (2 marks): What is vaccination? [B3 Infection & response] Q159.2 (3 marks): Explain how vaccination protects individuals. [B3 Infection & response] Q160.1 (2 marks): What is herd immunity? [B3 Infection & response] Q160.2 (3 marks): Explain why herd immunity is important. [B3 Infection & response] Q161.1 (2 marks): What are monoclonal antibodies? [B3 Infection & response] Q161.2 (3 marks): Give one medical use of monoclonal antibodies. [B3 Infection & response] Q162.1 (2 marks): What is a placebo? [B3 Infection & response] Q162.2 (3 marks): Explain why placebos are used in clinical trials. [B3 Infection & response] Q163.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a double-blind trial? [B3 Infection & response] Q163.2 (3 marks): Explain why double-blind trials are important. [B3 Infection & response] Q164.1 (2 marks): What is a pathogen? [B3 Infection & response] Q164.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a bacterial, viral, and fungal disease. [B3 Infection & response] Q165.1 (2 marks): What is malaria caused by? [B3 Infection & response] Q165.2 (3 marks): Explain how malaria is spread. [B3 Infection & response] Q166.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a vector in disease transmission? [B3 Infection & response] Q166.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a disease spread by a vector. [B3 Infection & response] Q167.1 (2 marks): What is the human immune system? [B3 Infection & response] Q167.2 (3 marks): Explain how white blood cells defend the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q168.1 (2 marks): What is phagocytosis? [B3 Infection & response] Q168.2 (3 marks): Explain how phagocytosis protects the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q169.1 (2 marks): What are antibodies? [B3 Infection & response] Q169.2 (3 marks): Explain how antibodies destroy pathogens. [B3 Infection & response] Q170.1 (2 marks): What are antitoxins? [B3 Infection & response] Q170.2 (3 marks): Explain how antitoxins protect the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q171.1 (2 marks): What is the function of the skin in defence? [B3 Infection & response] Q171.2 (3 marks): Give one other non-specific defence mechanism in the human body. [B3 Infection & response] Q172.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the nose in defence against pathogens? [B3 Infection & response] Q172.2 (3 marks): What is the role of the trachea and bronchi in defence? [B3 Infection & response] Q173.1 (2 marks): What is the role of the stomach in defence against pathogens? [B3 Infection & response] Q173.2 (3 marks): Explain how stomach acid helps to protect the body. [B3 Infection & response] Q174.1 (2 marks): What is a drug? [B3 Infection & response] Q174.2 (3 marks): Give one example of a painkiller and one example of an antibiotic. [B3 Infection & response] Q175.1 (2 marks): What is digitalis used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q175.2 (2 marks): What is aspirin used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q175.3 (2 marks): What is penicillin used for? [B3 Infection & response] Q176.1 (2 marks): What is the purpose of preclinical drug testing? [B3 Infection & response] Q176.2 (3 marks): Explain how drugs are tested for efficacy and toxicity. [B3 Infection & response] Q177.1 (2 marks): What is the purpose of clinical drug testing? [B3 Infection & response] Q177.2 (3 marks): Explain how clinical trials are carried out. [B3 Infection & response] Q178.1 (2 marks): What is meant by placebo effect? [B3 Infection & response] Q178.2 (3 marks): Explain why the placebo effect must be controlled. [B3 Infection & response] Q179.1 (2 marks): What is meant by hybridoma cells? [B3 Infection & response] Q179.2 (3 marks): Explain how hybridoma cells are used to produce monoclonal antibodies. [B3 Infection & response] Q180.1 (2 marks): What is meant by a pandemic? [B3 Infection & response] Q180.2 (3 marks): Explain how pandemics can spread globally. [B3 Infection & response] You are an exam paper generator for GCSE Biology. You have access to a bank of 180 exam-style questions (Q1–Q180), each with marks and topic tags [B1–B7].